Survey Validity Under Bias Calculator

Quantify how much non-response bias your survey can withstand before losing statistical validity

How it works: For example:

  • k=1: No bias (matches “Best-Case Scenario”)
  • k=3: Moderate bias (non-respondents 3× more likely to oppose)
  • k>6.1: Matches “Worst-Case Scenario” (virtually 100% opposition)